Complete with moat Ferrara's towering castle was commissioned by the Este family in 1385. Initially it was intended to protect the Este family from the town's irate citizenry, who were up in arms over tax increases, but in the late 15th century it became the family's permanent residence. Linked to the castle by an elevated passageway, the 13th-century Palazzo Municipale was the Este family home until they moved next door to the castle.The visit of the castle interior is not included in this tour

Throughout the Middle Ages and almost to the end of the 15th Century, the northern boundary of the city ran along the current road System of Viale Cavour-Corso Giovecca. In 1492 Ercole I commissioned to include this vast area in the centre (thus doubling the surface area of the city) and the great architect and town-planner, Biagio Rossetti, designed a plan which, due to its original and rational nature, made Ferrara the first modern city in Europe. In honour of the Duke who ordered the new town planning this great district is known as Addizione Erculea.

Between the castle and the town hall is Piazza Savonarola, dominated by the monument to Girolamo Savonarola, the famous reformer born in Ferrara in 1452 at the origin of the theocratic dictatorship of Florence (1494-1498). It was also he who had the idea of the pyre of vanities in which books and important works of art disappeared. He is represented here with his arms raised in the midst of preaching. The square is bordered to the west by Via Coperta, a five-arch building that connected the two Este family residences (the castle and the town hall)

The Piazza Cattedrale lies between today's town hall, former Este's residence, and the St. George cathedral. From the square you can have a beautiful view of the cathedral facade and its reliefs, a sort of poor man's bible

This Cathedral in the Romanesque-Gothic Lombard style has a beautiful tripartite façade endowed with a magnificent canopy (over the door), decorated with a depiction of the Last judgement.

Piazza del Municipio can be accessed directly from the cathedral square, passing through an imposing arch. The wide square, one of the former inner courtyards of the Este's ducal palace, is characterized by a staircase completely covered with white marble, finished in 1481.

The piazza Trento Trieste is the beating heart of the city. It dates back to the Middle Ages and the building of the new cathedral around which the seats of religious, civil and lordly power, in the shape of the family who in fact ruled Ferrara, were concentrated. Indeed, all the city's seats of power were sited in the piazza: as well as the cathedral, there was the bishops' house where the present Bishops Palace stands; the Palazzo della Ragione, the Notary's Lodge, the first nucleus of the Palazzo Ducale, today's Palazzo Municipale. Along the south side of the Cathedral runs the loggia dei Merciai. Also looking on to the piazza is the ex-church of San Romano, now home to a museum.

This commercial thoroughfare, the medieval town's main street, which once connected the market square (piazza Trento e Trieste) with the port of Ferrara (now replaced by the Via Ripagrande) is bordered by porched medieval houses.

This charming medieval street marks the axis along which the so-called linear Ferrara developed between the 7th and 9th centuries A.D. and which greatly influenced the further development of the entire city. In Via delle Volte the architectural solution to development in a third dimension was to create overhead passageways: the vaults dotted along the street, to connect the warehouses on the banks of the river to the workshops-houses towards the centre. Here you can enjoy the atmosphere of its 14th and 15th-century buildings and the alleys that lead off it